Toggle navigation. What is healthy eating? Why is healthy eating important? How can I promote healthy eating in schools? What is the school food and beverage policy? Where can I get more information? School Nutrition Grants. What is wrong with dieting? Information adapted from York Region Public Health How can we promote self-esteem and healthy eating habits?
Be a role model! Dieting or restrictive eating can also lead to preoccupation with thoughts about food. A national survey of 1, Australians aged 18 to 64 years found that 46 per cent of adults had actively tried to lose weight in the past year.
Yet, research shows that dieting for weight loss is not effective in the longer term, and may actually be associated with weight regain. In some cases, people may regain more than they lost through dieting. This 'weight loss, weight gain' seesaw may put you at risk of heart disease and other health problems. Some studies have shown that just one cycle of weight loss and weight gain is a risk factor for the development of heart disease later in life.
If you are concerned about your or your child's weight, consult with your GP or dietitian, or a paediatrician. It is normal for women to have fat on their hips and thighs. Frequent dieting will not remove this fat. It is vital for:. Body image affects men as well as women. Research suggests that 11 per cent of Australian males aged over 15 years have dieted in order to lose weight in the last year. Increasing numbers of teenage boys and men are engaged in muscle-building to achieve the male muscular ideal through body building and use of steroids also known as image and performance enhancing drugs or protein supplements.
This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Alcohol is responsible for most drug-related deaths in the teenage population. The size of a standard drink can vary according to the type of alcohol. If you feel this way, you are not alone. Media literacy is the ability to think critically about what you see in the media.
By questioning what you see in the media and reminding yourself that it is unrealistic, you can start to feel better about your body rather than comparing yourself to others. There are many ways that you can be active in changing the culture around what appears in media. Eating disorders involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight and food issues. It can be difficult to determine whether someone has an eating disorder, but there are signs to be aware of. Individuals with eating disorders exhibit an intense fear of gaining weight, have an obsession with dieting, become secretive about food, and spend less time with family and friends.
If your friend is suffering from an eating disorder, they will need to seek help from a professional. Perceived body image was measured using the Stunkard scale [ 24 ], which consists of silhouette drawings ranging from 1 to 9 with monotonic increments in overweight percentage where 1 is the leanest and 9 is the heaviest.
Separate figures for boys and girls were used. Values other than zero represent dissatisfaction with perceived body image. Dietary assessment was assessed by using a validated [ 27 ] semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire FFQ covering items of the original validated FFQ plus the most characteristic Balearic Islands foods in order to make easy the interviewee answer.
The FFQ evaluated average consumption over the past year. To prevent seasonal variations, the questionnaire was administered in the warm season May-September and in the cold season November-March.
Food consumption frequency was based on times that food items were consumed per day, week or month. Volumes and portion sizes were reported in natural units, household measures or with the aid of a manual of sets of photographs [ 28 ]. The foods items from the FFQ were reduced to twenty-eight food groups, which may have practical importance in daily diet and clinical practice with Mediterranean youths [ 29 , 30 ]. Well-trained dieticians administered, verified and quantified all dietary questionnaires.
The number of daily meals and snacks was calculated from the total eating occasions that participants declared among the following: breakfast, mid-morning snack, lunch, mid-afternoon snack, dinner, before going to sleep, others.
Information about breakfast habit yes; occasionally; no was also collected. Analyses were performed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version We further applied multiple logistic regression analysis evaluating the association between body composition taking into account body image normal-fat vs.
Table 1 shows the prevalence of normal-weight, overweight and obesity BMI according to overall adiposity FMI and desire to change weight. The three body weight groups obtained by the IOTF cut-offs underweight and normal-weight, overweight, and obesity were subgrouped according to presence or absence of overfat. Adolescents were classified into five groups as following: The wish to change weight was assessed for each subgroup.
Among boys, Among girls, around half of underweight and normal-weight normal-fat adolescents Table 2 shows associations between meal patterns and body composition taking into account satisfaction with their body shape normal-fat vs. It is important to note that most of overfat girls Overfat boys that wished a thinner body shape Associations between the food consumption and individual items and satisfaction with own body shapes were also evaluated Table 3.
Overfat boys that wished to be thinner were less likely to consume breakfast cereals, pasta and rice dishes, other oils and fats, high fat foods, soft drinks and chocolates than their satisfied and normal-fat counterparts.
Compared with normal-fat girls, those who were overfat also reported to consume dairy desserts and chocolates with less frequency. Multiple logistic regression analysis after adjustment by age, parental educational level, parental socio-economic status, breakfast habit, number of daily meals and snacks showed that overfat that wished to be thinner were less likely to frequently eat red meat, pasta and rice dishes and other oils and fats than their satisfied and normal-fat counterparts Table 5.
The main findings of this study were: 1 many overfat boys were satisfied with their body image while practically all overfat girls reported to wish a thinner body; and 2 meal patterns and food consumption were associated with body dissatisfaction among overfat adolescents.
Consequently, the overfat adolescents studied misreported their energy intake more often than normal-fat peers, and overfat adolescents dissatisfied with their body shape showed lower energy intake than normal-fat and satisfied peers. Restrictive eating practices related to a preoccupation with a slim image have been also reported among adolescents [ 38 — 40 ]. Boys and girls perceive their bodies in a different way [ 41 ]. Thus, whereas boys with lower BMI and BF preferred a stronger muscular body, girls showed a preference for a slim body shape [ 41 , 43 ].
However, boys with elevated adiposity also showed a preference for a slim body shape; in fact, they have been most likely to have negative feelings about their bodies [ 44 ]. It has been suggested that adolescents who are heavy and perceive themselves as overfat may have actively tried to lose weight [ 45 ], whereas adolescents who do not perceive themselves as heavy raise concerns may be less motivated to take steps to lose weight [ 46 ].
Moreover, despite that adolescents denigrate overweight and obesity, a decrease in body dissatisfaction has been suggested in studies among young people [ 47 ]. It has been also recognized that to be worried about body image is especially acute in puberty [ 48 ], but also that body image is an important target of intervention to improve subjective health in adolescence [ 49 ].
It has been pointed out that some level of body dissatisfaction may be beneficial for individuals with average or above-average weight, as it may lead to healthy weight management behaviours such as increased intake of fruits and vegetables and regular physical activity [ 50 , 51 ]. To understand how body shape satisfaction affects meal patterns, food preferences and the overall adolescent diet is a key issue for the development of strategies aimed at influencing dietary behaviour.
Accordingly, findings from the present study will be useful to understand relationships between body image and eating patterns.
A previous study reported that normal-fat adolescents were more likely to follow a Western dietary pattern than a Mediterranean dietary pattern, and the wish to have a thinner body shape was associated with a low consumption of the Western dietary pattern [ 52 ]. Moreover, it has been also reported that parallel to the omission of meals, it may be possible that overfat adolescents that wished to be thinner avoided the consumption of several foods to counteract being overfat; boys and girls have been reported to avoid sweets and salty snack consumption to counteract being overweight [ 3 ].
Previous findings showed that girls tried to lose weight eating few servings of meat, fries, chips, and dessert foods, whereas to gain weight they consumed few servings of fruit and green salad and increased the consumption of fries and chips [ 16 ].
A study conducted among Costa Rican adolescents aged 12—18 years showed that body image was associated with a high consumption of high-calcium and saturated fat foods, iron rich foods, and fruits and vegetables [ 53 ].
Our results suggest that adolescents that wish a thinner body decreased consumption of typical-Western-diet foods, but they did not increase consumption of fruits and vegetables, which may reflect a diet restriction rather than eating healthier food as a method to lose weight.
Overall, the current results highlight the importance of body image on adolescent nutritional habits and food choices. Particularly, a restriction of typical-Western-diet foods is associated with a wish to be thinner among overfat adolescents.
A task for future research could be to include assessments of body image to better understand the prospective and concurrent contributions of body image to food consumption patterns among normal-weight, overweight and obesity adolescents. This study has some limitations. The difficulties for assessing food intake among young people are well known but it should not serve as a deterrent to pursue this line of research.
Moreover, BF was calculated using Slaughter et al.
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